Wednesday, September 30, 2026

A boom in vocations to the Priesthood in Archdiocese of Baltimore

 

Archbishop William E. Lori prays as 12 candidates to the transitional diaconate kneel during their ordination Mass May 16, 2026, at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen in Homeland. They are expected to be ordained priests in 2027, the largest number of priests ordained for the Archdiocese of Baltimore in a single year in more than half a decade. (Kevin J. Parks.CR Staff)

With 66 seminarians in formation, Archdiocese of Baltimore sees vocations surge 



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The Archdiocese of Baltimore is preparing for a milestone not seen in more than half a century: the ordination of 12 new priests in a single year.

One seminarian is expected to be ordained in January and 11 more in June, as the archdiocese’s number of men in priestly formation continues to climb.

Jacob Paalmana, a member of the Class of 2026 at Chesterton Academy of Annapolis, along with fellow recent high school graduates, take notes during a talk on June 18 by Father Erik Arnold, pastor of St. John the Evangelist in Severna Park. The discussion focused on relationships and was part of the Quo Vadis Beyond experience for recent high school graduates at St. Mary’s Seminary and University in Roland Park. (Kevin J. Parks/CR Staff)

The archdiocese now has 66 seminarians in formation, with 14 men entering this year alone. Representing 14 different parishes and ranging in age from 17 to 36, the newest seminarians are part of a yearslong increase that Church leaders attribute to prayer, intentional vocational outreach and stronger support from parishes.

The total number of seminarians is up from 28 in 2007 and 52 in 2020.

For Archbishop William E. Lori, who has led the archdiocese for 14 years, the growth is among the great joys of his tenure.

“This has not been sudden,” said Archbishop Lori, who ordained five men to the priesthood this year. “It’s been building every year, and this is due to a lot of people praying before the Blessed Sacrament. It’s due to a good vocations team. It’s also due to pastors who are encouraging vocations in their parishes – and to parents who are generously open to the possibility that their son might have a priestly vocation.”

The surge has filled both of the archdiocese’s propaedeutic houses, in Emmitsburg and Baltimore, to capacity. Three of this year’s new seminarians will spend their propaedeutic year – a foundational period of prayer, discernment and human formation – at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Baltimore instead, taking part in the Source of All Hope urban missionary program serving people experiencing homelessness.

Archbishop William E. Lori poses with the five men ordained to the priesthood June 20, 2026, at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen in Homeland. There will be 12 men ordained to the priesthood next year. (Kevin J. Parks/CR Staff)

Father Steven Roth, vocations director and associate vicar for clergy for the archdiocese, said the growing number of men discerning the priesthood is encouraging, but he’s even more proud of the caliber of those stepping forward. 

“These are hardworking, talented guys who really could do anything else, and they’re freely choosing to discern whether the Lord is calling them to be a priest,” Father Roth said.

The influx is already changing pastoral life in the archdiocese, allowing new placements in ministries that have gone without priests for years – including high school and college chaplaincies and parishes that haven’t had an associate pastor in a generation.

Depending on a man’s educational background, formation for the priesthood can take up to nine years, Father Roth said. The lengthy process reflects the Church’s desire to form the whole person.

Alongside academic studies, seminarians receive spiritual direction, gain experience in parish ministry and meet regularly with priests and formators as they discern their vocation. They undergo background checks before being accepted into the program.

Participants of the Quo Vadis Beyond experience laugh together during a discussion at St. Mary’s Seminary and University in Roland Park. (Stephen Herrera/Special to the Catholic Review)

Formation is also a time of discernment, Father Roth explained, both for the Church and for the seminarians. The goal is to give men the time and support they need to understand God’s call and prepare for ministry.

“We don’t rush it,” Father Roth said. “By the time that the Lord is calling them to be a priest, they’re ready and capable and able to say yes to that call.”

Father Roth is assisted by Father Lenin Suarez, associate director of vocations, whom Father Roth said has been building up the office’s online resources. In an increasingly digital age, the goal is to make essential information available to men discerning a vocation before they ever sit down with a priest – giving them a way to work through questions they might be hesitant to raise in person.

Veimar Martinez, 18, a parishioner of St. John in Westminster and a graduate of Westminster High School, is among the archdiocese’s newest seminarians.

Serving as an usher at his home parish was “life-changing,” he said, giving him an inside look at both the parish’s inner workings and the liturgy itself. He later became involved with the Boys and Girls Club, working with young people from a range of backgrounds.

Young men gather during the Quo Vadis Beyond experience for recent high school graduates at St. Mary’s Seminary and University in Roland Park. (Stephen Herrera/Special to the Catholic Review)

“A full circle for me was that my mom taught me my faith, and then here I am teaching other kids the faith,” Martinez said.

He traces his first step toward discernment to 2024, when a confession led to a penance of an hour in eucharistic adoration.

“I felt I was in a relatively rough spot at the time, and then when I stepped in there, everything I felt was like a weight was lifted off me,” he said. “It felt lighter. I felt warm. I felt loved in that room, and eucharistic adoration is something that’s very important to me.”

Father Roth pointed to archdiocesan programs including the Quo Vadis retreat, designed to help young men listen for God’s voice, and a new offshoot introduced this year, Quo Vadis Beyond, aimed at recent high school graduates.

Those efforts are reaching an increasingly diverse group of young men.

For the first time in many years, two African Americans have entered priestly formation. While several Black men from Africa have been ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Baltimore in recent years, it has been more than three decades since an African American was ordained for the archdiocese. 

Father Roth recalled a visit with young African American parishioners years ago. They told him they hadn’t realized they were needed and they didn’t know they were wanted.

Father Steven Roth, vocations director and associate vicar for clergy, presents 12 seminarians to be ordained to the transitional diaconate May 16, 2026, at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen in Homeland. (Kevin J. Parks/CR Staff)

“I thought we really need to fix this,” he said. “We have such a diverse archdiocese that we celebrate, and I just want to be sure that our clergy reflects that diversity.”

Despite the growth, Father Roth warned that now is not the time to “rest on our laurels.” He encouraged constant prayer for religious vocations and said he sees every Catholic as a vocations director.

“I would encourage people that when they’re at church, at Mass or different events, and they see a young person who they think has the qualities that they like – that they see in their pastor as well – to not be afraid to go up to the person and say, ‘Have you ever thought about becoming a priest?'” he said. 

Jenna Mattern contributed to this story.

Pope Leo is pleading for dialogue and peace in Ethiopia

 

Pope appeals for dialogue in Tigray region

At the conclusion of the General Audience, Pope Leo XIV appealed to all sides in the Tigray region to halt hostilities, recalling that only sincere commitment can lay the foundations for lasting peace. Speaking to Polish pilgrims, he recalled the beatification, 30 years ago, of the 13 Greek Catholic martyrs of Pratulin, who were killed for defending their belonging to the Catholic Church and entrusted their intercession to “the cause of the unity of Christ’s disciples.”

By Alessandro Di Bussolo

Pope Leo is following “with deep concern” the situation in Tigray, a region of Ethiopia, and in the neighboring areas of Afar and Amhara, “where hostilities have once again broken out.” In English, at the end of the General Audience, before greeting the Italian faithful, he delivered this appeal to the parties involved in the conflict:

“I extend my heartfelt plea to all parties to choose the path of dialogue. Armed conflict never solves problems but only worsens them, leaving in its wake a trail of death, destruction, and resentment. Only honest engagement can lay the foundations for lasting peace.”

The Pope’s “fervent hope” is that the international community “will offer its generous and timely contribution, to ensuring that all humanitarian aid be provided to those in need.”

The situation in Tigray today

The situation in Tigray has become increasingly tense. In recent hours, the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), the region’s main political force, which fought against the federal government during the 2020–2022 Tigray War, and the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF), the Tigrayan military forces that fought the Ethiopian army during that same war, have intensified conflict with Ethiopian military forces.

Numerous clashes have been reported along the Tekeze River, west of Tigray, in the Wolkayt area, on the border with the Afar region, and in various parts of Amhara.

Expansion of the fighting

The death toll has yet to be independently verified. According to the Ethiopian army, 700 Tigrayan fighters were reportedly killed over two days.

Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) reported that between September 22 and 25, more than 400 wounded people arrived at hospitals in Korem and Alamata, while another 300 were admitted to hospitals in Suhul and Shire, in northwestern Tigray.

In the areas hardest hit by the conflict, the delivery of humanitarian aid also remains difficult: many roads have been cut off, while in the north, internet and telephone connections have been completely disrupted, making it impossible for aid workers to coordinate their efforts.

Politically, the Ethiopian government accuses neighboring Eritrea of supporting the TPLF and other opposition forces, while the Eritrean government strongly denies any involvement in the escalation of violence.

Meanwhile, the European Union has once again described the situation as rapidly deteriorating, both politically and militarily, announcing immediate diplomatic and humanitarian measures in an attempt to halt the resumption of the conflict, which risks setting the entire region ablaze

At the Wednesday General Audience, Pope Leo XIV recaps his journry to France

 

Pope at Audience: Apostolic Journey to France was 'sign of rebirth'

During his weekly General Audience, Pope Leo XIV recalls various highlights from his recent Apostolic Journey to France from September 25 to 28, and points to the theme of rebirth as a guiding thread.

By Isabella H. de Carvalho

The Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris and "the tragedy it has endured” can “symbolically shed light on this entire Apostolic Journey” to France, “offering a perspective that I would summarize in one word: rebirth,” Pope Leo XIV said during the Wednesday General Audience in St. Peter’s Square on September 30.

Pope Leo XIV visited Paris, Lourdes and the northeastern city of Metz during his Apostolic Journey to France from September 25 to 28. During the visit he met thousands of young people in a stadium, emphasized the importance of defending life at all its stages, and appealed for peace in Europe and across the world.

On the first day of his Apostolic Journey, he celebrated Vespers in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, which was destroyed in April 2019 due to a fire and was then restored and reopened in December 2024.

In his catechesis, Pope Leo thanked all those who welcomed him and participated and emphasized how the rebirth of the Cathedral helps us to understand his whole Apostolic Journey and the fruits it could bring for the future. 

Read the full text of the Pope's catechesis at the General Audience


Synergy for the common good 

The Pope underlined how the disaster of the fire at Notre-Dame and its subsequent rebuilding “sparked a positive reaction at every level,” such as for example the restoration process.

It was an example of collaboration “between the Church, the State, public institutions and civil society,” and helped make the most of “both the generosity of benefactors and the expertise of professionals and skilled workers,” he explained.

This "synergy for the common good" should become "the norm for institutions, political and social forces, and all those with civil and economic responsibilities", Pope said. He explained that he conveyed this same message in his meeting with the French authorities and his address at UNESCO.

For the Pope “the fundamental criterion upon which such collaboration must be based” is “the dignity of the human person.”

The crowds in St. Peter's Square (@Vatican Media)

A Church made up of living stones

Pope Leo also drew a parallel between the Vespers in Notre-Dame and the “unforgettable” prayer vigil he participated in shortly after with 80,000 young people in the Stade de France stadium in Paris.

“Two completely different locations," he explained, "yet two complementary events, almost united spiritually. What united them? The Church, which is not made up of stones or cement, but of people who love Jesus Christ because they have been loved by Him".

At the stadium there was the “new French generation,” not 'new' so much because of their age but because of their “spirit” and their “freedom of heart and faith,” the Pope said.

There was singing and shouting but also silence and listening and “attentive and emotional faces, which revealed hearts yearning for truth and love,” the Pope continued, adding that “the Vigil was a great sign of hope.”

For the Pope this same hope was manifested in his visit to Maison Bakhita, a welcome center for migrants, “where people commit themselves every day to serving the dignity of the human person with love.”

Another sign of renewal the Pope pointed to was the growing number of baptisms of young people and adults in France in recent years. During his visit he encouraged them by participating in a provincial synodal assembly underway in Paris, which is responding to “this beautiful ‘surprise’ from God.”

Pope Leo then also recalled his Mass in the central Parisian square Place de la Concorde with around 700,000 people, who filled the iconic Avenue des Champs Élysées, up to the Arc de Triomphe and beyond.

“At the moment of Communion, everyone was able to receive the Eucharist, which was distributed everywhere," he said. "This is the true reconstruction, the restoration of the Church that only God can bring about, through the intercession of the Virgin Mary".

Every human life deserved to be cared for

The Pope then turned to his “pilgrimage” to Lourdes and its famous Marian shrine, “a sanctuary of the civilization of love” and the second leg of his Apostolic Journey.

“In Lourdes, the Lord, through the maternal care of the Virgin Mary, conveys to everyone, pilgrims and especially those who are sick in body and spirit, a message of hope and rebirth,” he explained.

“A message that I wished to openly reaffirm: every human life, in whatever condition, even in the most extreme frailty, retains its inviolable dignity and deserves to be cared for, accompanied and relieved of suffering with human compassion and with the aid of the means offered by science.”

He also recalled his meeting with a group of victims of abuse, in which he asked them to help him express to other victims his wish, and that of the Church, “to listen to them and walk alongside them as they seek healing, acknowledging the pain inflicted upon their lives and working to prevent abuse.”

In Lourdes the Pope also participated in a torchlit procession and rosary, which is done every day at the Shrine. In his greetings to the Italian and German speaking faithful during the General Audience he insisted on the importance of praying the rosary for peace during this upcoming month of October.

The rebirth of Europe after war

Lastly, the Pope touched upon his visit to Metz – “a region of France and Europe ravaged by the Second World War” – and the third and final leg of his Journey.

He cited the figure of Robert Schuman, one of the founders of the European Union who spent much of his life in Metz and promoted peace after WWII.

“Contemporary Europe was indeed born as a project for peace in the wake of the destruction wrought by war. We might say that what happened to Notre-Dame in Paris with the fire was what had happened to Europe during the Second World War,” the Pope reflected.

“And Europe was reborn, founded on those principles of democracy, solidarity and fraternity amongst peoples, which owe much to its Christian roots. Even today, it is on these foundations and with this vital ‘lifeblood’ that the European project can be renewed, in a far more globalized world.”

In this regard he also pointed to the importance of interreligious dialogue, recalling his meeting in Metz with representatives of various faiths where they signed the “Metz Appeal” for dialogue and peace.

Regarding the Second World War, in his greetings to Italian-speaking faithful, Pope Leo XIV also mentioned the beatification in Bologna last Sunday, September 27 of three martyred priests who were killed in 1944 by Nazi troops. “The supreme sacrifice of these ministers of God shows today’s Christians the courage to stand by their brothers and sisters, especially in times of trial,” he added.

Let us not hide our faith

The Pope concluded his catechesis by recalling the motto of the trip - “So that the world may have life” - and expressing the hope that his Journey might bring “abundant and lasting fruit.” 

In his greetings to the Portuguese-speaking pilgrims he reiterated this idea: “May the public witness of love for Jesus Christ that we have seen in France be an inspiration to the entire Church. Let us not hide our faith!”

A greeting to the Pontifical Irish College and Pontifical North American College

In his words to the English-speaking faithful the Pope also offered “a special greeting to the seminarians from the Pontifical Irish College" and the pilgrims attending the diaconate ordination of the Pontifical North American College on October 1.

Tuesday, September 29, 2026

Saint of the day for Wednesday and the last Saint in September

 

St. Jerome


Feastday: September 30
Patron: of archaeologists, Biblical scholars, librarians, students and translators
Birth: 342
Death: 420




Before he was known as Saint Jerome, he was named Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus. He was born around 342 AD, in Stridon, Dalmatia. Today, the town, which ceased to exist in Jerome’s time, would likely be in Croatia or Slovenia.

The young Jerome was educated by Aelius Donatus, who was a famous Roman grammarian. From him, the young Jerome learned Latin and Greek. Little else is known of his childhood other than his parents were probably well-to-do and Christian. Despite their efforts to raise Jerome properly, the young man behaved as he chose.

Around the age of 12 or so, Jerome traveled to Rome to study grammar, philosophy and rhetoric. It is likely that due to his training in rhetoric, he may have considered a career in law. By his own admission, he quickly forgot his morals. While he was not studying, Jerome pursued pleasure. In particular, he pursued women, even though he knew his behavior was wrong.

To alleviate the feelings of guilt he often felt afterwards, Jerome would visit the crypts in Rome and imagine himself in hell. He did so every Sunday, even though he was not a Christian. Jerome succeeded in frightening himself, but not in changing his ways.

Fortunately, Jerome had as a companion, Bonosus, who was a Christian influence. His influence is part of what persuaded Jerome to become a Christian and change his ways for the better.

In or around the year 366, Jerome decided to become a Christian and was baptized by Pope Liberius.

Now interested in theological matters, Jerome set aside secular matters to pursue matters of the faith. He traveled with Bonosus to Trier where there were schools for him to gain ecclesiastical training.

In 370, he traveled close to home, ending up in a monastery at Aquileia. The monastery was overseen by Bishop St. Valerian, who had attracted some of the greatest minds in Christendom. While in Aquileia, Jerome met Rufinus and the two men became friends. Rufinis was a monk who became renowned for his translations of Greek works into Latin. Jerome himself was developing his skills as a translator, a skill he developed during his time in the Roman catacombs, translating the inscriptions on the tombs.

Following his time in Aquileia, Jerome traveled next to Treves, Gaul where he began to translate books for his own use. His goal was to build a personal library.

After a time in Gaul, he returned to Aquileia in 373. While there, Jerome and his friend Bonosus had a falling out and decided to part ways. Bonosus departed for an island in the Adriatic where he would live as a hermit for a time.

Jerome traveled to the east, bound for Antioch by way of Athens.

In 374, Jerome finally reached Antioch, after making several lengthy stops along the way. While in that city, Jerome began writing his first work, “Concerning the Seven Beatings.”

During that same year, disease made Jerome ill while taking the lives of some of his companions. It is unclear what disease was responsible, or if different illnesses had taken his friends. During his illness, Jerome had visions which made him even more religious.

Jerome went into the desert to live for four years, living as a hermit southwest of Antioch. He was frequently ill during this time.

After he emerged from his hermitage, Jerome was quickly embroiled in conflicts within the Church at Antioch. This was not something Jerome wanted to be associated with. Jerome made clear that he did not want to become a priest, preferring instead to be a monk or a hermit. But Church officials in Antioch as well as Pope Damasus wanted him to be ordained. Jerome relented on the condition he would not be expected to serve in any ministry and would still be allowed to pursue his monastic life. He was subsequently ordained.

Making the most of his freedom as a priest, Jerome traveled to Constantinople where he studied under St. Gregory of Nazianzus, who was renown as a great theologian.

After St. Gregory left Constantinople in 382, Jerome traveled to Rome for a council of the Church and met Pope Damasus. Following the council, Pope Damsus kept Jerome in Rome and made him his secretary.

While serving as secretary to the pope, Jerome also promoted the ideal of asceticism to everyone around him. Included in this group were women of the city of Rome who wanted to live saintly lives.

Pope Damasus died in 384, and this exposed Jerome to criticism and controversy. Jerome was a sarcastic man of great wit. He became unpopular because of his attitude and made a number of enemies. While Pope Damasus was alive, he could shield Jerome from criticism, but now Jerome faced the vengeance of the enemies he made. Both prominent pagans who resented his promotion of the faith and fellow Christians who lacked his wit attacked him with vicious rumors. Among the rumors were accusations that he was behaving inappropriately with the woman we now know as Paula. At that time, she was one of his students in asceticism.

Paula was a widow with four children who deeply mourned the loss of her husband. Jerome provided counseling and instruction to her and she became a lifelong friend and follower of Jerome, assisting him in his work.

Eventually, Jerome decided to return to the Holy Land to escape the calumny in Rome. He headed east and arrived in Antioch in 386. Shortly after, Jerome was met by Paula, her daughter, and several other followers. The group went first to Jerusalem, then on to Alexandria, Egypt. They settled in Bethlehem and had a monastery built there which included dormitories for women.

Jerome was a hard worker, and he wrote extensively defending the virginity of Mary, which some clerics dared to question. He also engaged in several debates against various other heresies including a lengthy battle with his old friend Rufinus. Jerome was easily upset, and even the venerable St. Augustine exchanged words with him. Eventually, Jerome and Augustine repaired their relationship and were able to correspond as friends and colleagues.

Of all the things that made Jerome famous, nothing was so legendary as his translation of the Bible. Jerome began work while he was still in Rome under Pope Damasus. He spent his entire life translating the scriptures from Hebrew and Old Latin.

In the year 404 Paula died, later to become a saint of the Church. Rome was sacked by Alarc the Barbarian in 410. These events distressed Jerome greatly. Violence eventually found its way to Bethlehem disrupting Jerome’s work in his final years.

Jerome died on September 30, 420. His death was peaceful and he was laid to rest under the Church of the Nativity. His remains were later transferred to Rome.

Saint Jerome is the patron saint of archaeologists, Biblical scholars, librarians, students and translators.

His feast day is September 30.

Pope Leo XIV comments on plane ride home from France

 

Pope: Wars are senseless; Russia and Ukraine should sit down to talk

Speaking to journalists on the flight from Metz to Rome at the end of his Apostolic Journey to France, Pope Leo XIV discusses conflicts and the economic interests that sustain them, saying the Church “continues to raise her voice in proclaiming the Gospel. A few are growing rich from the arms industry; these billions could be used to solve problems such as world hunger.”

Vatican News

As he flew from Metz to Rome on Monday evening, Pope Leo XIV spoke with the 80-odd journalists accompanying him on his Apostolic Journey to France.

The Pope began by offering an overview of his visit to France and answered several questions put to him by the reporters.

Below is a working English transcription and translation of the press conference:

[Pope, in English:] I'll start by speaking in English. And then if you need translation we can help with that. First of all, once again thank you for the work you've done. I think you were kept pretty busy for the past four days and, in a certain sense, it was a very intense program.

The four days were literally filled with many blessings. Almost miracles, I would say, especially the time at Lourdes, walking with, accompanying so many people who are sick and suffering and seeing how the grace of God's presence manifested in many different ways, touches people's hearts, transforms their lives, and, to use an expression that I mentioned there, restores dignity to the sick, the elderly, those who in some parts of society are discarded.

So, there were many signs, many expressions, many symbols throughout the four days. And personally, I felt very blessed myself to have the privilege to visit France to encourage especially young people who are obviously searching for something.

It was so apparent at the stadium, the evening with 80,000 young people gathered together from around France and their enthusiasm and their joy and the sense of hope that they offered, but especially I think that they received and will be able to share with others.

So, amongst the many different things that we celebrated and lived during these four days I would say those are some of the highlights, and not to exclude others, but that that were quite significant. I'm very happy to have had you along on this trip, and if you have a few questions.

[Cyriac Zeller, I-Media:] Good evening, Your Holiness. Yesterday, during a press conference, the victims you met told us that you had acknowledged to them the systemic nature of sexual abuse in the church. Is that indeed the case? Could you explain your position on this? Do you consider sexual abuse in the Church to be systemic?

[Pope, in English:] I would say, without wanting to contradict anyone, as I think it is very important, I would first of all like to say that in meeting with those seven victims, I had asked them to also help me to express to other victims the willingness—myself and of the Church—to listen and to walk with them as they look for healing, recognizing the pain that has been caused in their lives because of situations of abuse.

Several of them spoke about systemic abuse. Personally, I prefer to express it in a different way, although I did speak about some organizations within the Church who have, at times, if you will, as a system, been abusive.

But I think it's important to make the distinction. Sexual abuse is first and foremost a human problem. When it happens within the Church, it actually has another whole dimension added to it, because people's lives of faith are deeply wounded and sometimes even destroyed.

There's a particular responsibility of the Church to walk with them and to help them seek healing. In those terms I spoke with them about how the Church, in certain ways, has been seen as being responsible, but in the same way that the Church, I think, is an important part of helping them to find healing.

[Xavier Le Normand, Le Pèlerin:] Your Holiness, good evening. First of all, I would like to thank you for your Apostolic Journey to France. For four days, our country was swept up in the widespread enthusiasm sparked by your visit—which, in France, is quite a feat. Thank you, Your Holiness. I will continue with my question in English. The motto of your Apostolic Journey was that the world may have life. The topic of end-of-life care came up repeatedly in your speeches. Actually, I think you mentioned it in more than half of your speeches in France. I'm thinking in particular of the one in the Élysée Palace and yesterday in Lourdes when you say that what is legal is not necessarily moral, which was a clear reference to the recent legalisation of euthanasia in France. In France, we also have this principle of "laicité," which is a separation between religion and politics. Do you think that when it's important, when the stakes are high, this border, this line should be crossed in the name of the primacy of conscience? And if so, did you cross that line?

[Pope, in English:] Thank you for your question. I would say that the understanding that the Church has of a separation between Church and politics, or Church and State, that I didn't cross it. And I'd invite you to read or reread Magnifica Humanitas where I speak about the Social Doctrine of the Church in the first section, the first couple of chapters, and say that when the Church speaks about defending life, when it speaks about questions of Social Doctrine, we're not entering into politics, we're applying the Gospel to people's lives.

And they can be politicians, if you will, on the left or on the right, situations where they say “no, religion should only be in the private sphere.” Let people do what they want on their own, but that as a State we have to be separate. By the very fact that when I went to France, I went primarily to preach the Gospel, to preach the Good News, to reaffirm what Jesus Christ Himself says when He says I am the way, the truth, and the life, so to speak the truth that Jesus offers us.

The defence of life is something that as you all know the Church teaches, believes very deeply. And so, on the one hand obviously knowing that in France the law was recently approved, in other countries in Europe as well, as other parts of the world there is a lot of debating going on about the questions of end-of-life issues.

But being in a place especially like Lourdes where people are searching for something much deeper and understanding that their lives, even in the midst of sickness or disability or pain of different kinds, that their life has meaning. The Church, because of Jesus Himself, wants to be close to those people and to affirm the values that life itself I think holds for all of us.

So, I would say, if that's politics, I did that, but it was not to get involved in French politics. It was to teach what the Church really believes.

[Íñigo Domínguez, El País:] Thank you, Holy Father, for sharing this moment with us. You have spoken many times, including during this journey, about the throwaway culture that surrounds us, about the marginalization of those who are not considered productive, including the elderly and people with disabilities. In Spain these days, we have a case that represents something of all this and has caused great indignation throughout the country: the case of Mari Carmen, an 87-year-old woman with a disability who was evicted from the home where she lived in Madrid because she could not afford the rent. They increased it fivefold in one go. I do not know whether you are familiar with this case, Mari Carmen’s case. But in any event, what do you think about the housing problem that exists throughout Europe and around the world, where property speculation drives residents out of cities and young people cannot afford a home? What do you think about this whole problem?

[Pope, in Spanish:] I think this is a good example of where the Church as a community—or we as human beings, as a community, even those who have no faith—must seek fairer solutions so that cases like this do not happen.

I am not familiar with the case you mention. But it seems to me that this would be a case where the neighbors, the community, the parish, the diocese or the State should step in and say: how is it possible for something like this to happen? What is wrong with the system that allows an elderly woman, who also has a disability or some other difficulty, to be thrown out of her home, so to speak?

The Church speaks a great deal about the throwaway culture, and it also speaks about justice. It invites, encourages and seeks, let us say, to awaken in everyone the capacity to respond with a greater sense of humanity, to be truly sensitive to the pain and suffering of others.

The housing problem that exists in many countries today is a problem that a parish alone, a diocese alone or the Church itself cannot solve. But I believe that there is a major challenge here, and that perhaps we must also demand that political leaders and the authorities seek a solution.

Because it is clearly getting worse, and we often react only when there is an emergency. But we really need to examine the systemic cause of this problem and how we can help.

[Manuela Tulli, ANSA:] Good evening, Your Holiness. Today, and indeed throughout this journey, you have emphasized the need for dialogue. In addressing Europe, you also spoke of the illusion of rearmament, but at the same time you said that we should have the courage to make concessions and sacrifices for the greater good of peace. The conflict in Europe is the one between Russia and Ukraine. What did you mean when you spoke of these sacrifices? And you believe in negotiations, since you have your envoys—Archbishop Gallagher went first, and Cardinal Zuppi is there now—but how can you talk with a State that attacks, bombs and threatens not only Ukraine but other European States as well? Thank you.

[Pope, in Spanish:] Thank you. The first thing would be to underline the principles of the Church’s social teaching, through which we seek not to promote violence, hatred, weapons and the dangers present in today’s world, including those posed by some national leaders who are once again beginning to speak of nuclear weapons, of wars that are becoming increasingly destructive, above all in terms of human life.

There is this continued arming and spending on that enormous military industry, which has continued to promote military spending for many decades now—last year, five years ago. A small number of people are becoming immensely wealthy from an industry that promotes war. Yet these billions upon billions of euros or dollars could be used to solve problems such as world hunger, housing, unemployment and so on.

Everyone is looking for a voice that can offer another way, one that does not say, “Let us spend more on weapons”, which only increases tensions that could lead to the outbreak of another war, another conflict.

And we see how violence, how these powers that always seek to impose their will through force instead of engaging in dialogue and promoting negotiations over the differences that can naturally exist, bring us ever closer to a war, or several wars, conflicts such as those we see in the world today.

I do not know about others, and it is not a matter of being political or not political, but a voice that seeks to promote the values of human dignity, the importance of life, the possibility of perhaps spending more on health and education and less on weapons—I believe the Church has a responsibility to promote those values, continually inviting leaders such as those of Russia and Ukraine, and other countries, to come, to sit down, to engage in dialogue, to seek ways of resolving problems without continuing these wars that no longer make sense.

So, in this sense, the Church continues to raise her voice. We cannot force anyone. At times it may seem futile, but we will keep speaking, we will keep inviting, we will keep proclaiming the Gospel.

[Justin McLellan, National Catholic Reporter:] Thank you. Holy Father, I'll ask my question in English. In Paris, you spoke on the urgent need for ethical discernment around the development of artificial intelligence and in the wake of multiple cyberattacks committed by rogue AI agents, several tech industry leaders have warned that the technology could destroy the world. How worried are you that AI could pose catastrophic risks to humanity or even wipe it out entirely, and what must nations, especially the United States and China, do to ensure that their technologies are safe for humanity?

[Pope, in English:] Thank you. If someone were to ask me, am I in panic mode? No, I'm not. I sleep at night. I do think that the concerns raised by many of the experts, specialists in AI, should be taken seriously.

I don't think that is fake news, as some have said, to try and cause whether financial or some other kind of benefit. It's interesting to note that just today I read that the head of NVIDIA claims that he has found some way of inserting into AI certain guardrails, if you will, or limits so that they won't go outside of their particular units and cause the damage that people are talking about.

He's the same one, however, that says there should be no limits placed and no government regulation, etc. etc. This is a problem that I think we need to sit down and talk about. We need to continue to invite political leaders, the leaders of AI, social organizations, associations to come together and look at what is happening already and what could be down the road.

To simply say, 'Oh, it's not going to happen', and close our eyes to it, I think is probably not the most responsible way to go about that. The Vatican has organized our own commission on artificial intelligence, which on the one hand, if you will, began as a way of coordinating what we ourselves are doing in the Holy See and how we're using AI and what the risks are and what the benefits are.

But since Magnifica Humanitas was published, we have received many contacts from people in many different areas and fields. And so, we are trying to continue to promote dialogue, study, investigation, to find ways to make sure that AI does not get to a point where it could destroy humanity or remove humanity from the conversation.

I am relatively optimistic that that can happen. I think that there are enough people seriously interested in that and willing to look outside of the questions, once again of power, who gets there first, what happens when AI goes to being what they call General Artificial Intelligence, etc. etc.

But we have to keep working, we can't sit back and pretend nothing is going to happen.

[Ludwig Ring-Eifel, KNA:] Today we were in Metz very close to the German border, but so far, you have not come to Germany yet. So, my basic question is when can we expect you on the other side of the border and on the background of two developments which are maybe worrying you as well, the steady decline of Catholic Church in Germany and the astonishing rise of extremist parties in Germany who threaten to tear up the consensus for Europe, which you spoke about today in Metz.

[Pope, in English:] Thank you for the question. With all humility I'll say it's only been about fifteen months that I've been Pope. There are many places I have not yet visited. I do have an invitation. I do hope to go again, I mean I've been there before but not as Pope, but I do hope to visit Germany, as I hope to visit many places. But I do not yet have a schedule.

I'm still working on next year, and the only trip definitely planned is World Youth Day in Korea. So, we're getting there. But thank you for your patience and for the question.

The phrase you said the Church is dying in Germany, or the diminishing numbers. People have said that about France in the past and yet we saw what happened over the past four days. I believe that if we find the true missionary spirit and the right way to go about it, there are still many, many people in Germany who want to live and celebrate their Christian and Catholic faith.

And so, I'm optimistic about that, although I recognize the problems, I recognize the different causes that have hit the Church very hard, but it's hit the—if you will—the evangelical or Protestant Church very hard as well, and it has hit society in the much the same way.

But I do hope to reach out. I do hope to continue to work with leaders in the Church in Germany and find ways to respond to that. It would be interesting to study, analyze if and how there may be a relationship, for example, between the growth of these groups on the far right and even the far right is being splintered now as you see the one particular group is becoming even much more extreme with other so-called far-right groups.

At the same time with some expression of a combination of these far-right points of view with a certain kind of religion, which in not only my view, but I mean both the leaders of the Catholic Church and the Protestant Church in Germany have spoken out about that's not an authentic expression of Christianity.

And again, we go back to the values of the Gospel, which are not about hatred and division, but they're about understanding and compassion and accompanying. I hope deeply, and hopefully the Church can also be a part of this—that we can find ways of reaching out to a majority of people of goodwill who will understand how important that their commitment, even in terms of participating in political processes, will enable them to make clear choices for the common good and not for extremist ideas that perhaps will do much more damage than we are even aware of right now.

So, I think we will all be encouraging in that sense. Again, it on our part as a Church, social doctrine of the Church, to talk about, teach about, preach about what we believe are these life-giving values and not destruction, division, and hatred.

And I want to take the opportunity to thank so many people who are in the background that don't get the applause that the Pope gets when he goes by, but who are very much a part of putting this trip together: both people in the Holy See, the people in France, the Bishops in France, and many, many lay people who worked on the different activities organizing them.

So, to say a special word of gratitude to all of them and to you. Thank you very much.